IT hands-on

To avoid confusing  positional  "regular" argument, we could name our parameters and specify them by name using  keyword arguments . When calling

An  interface  does nothing. It only provides a blueprint comprised of methods that classes - <i> using that blueprint</i>  - must follow.  To create an  interface

There are no real private variable in  python , but we can keep some variable from being visible from outside the "private" scope. In our below

In  python ,  iterables  are objects that we can loop through. These objects implement an " __iter__() " function that returns an  iterato r . The  iter

A  keyword argument  has the following format " name=value ". We can pass a  keyword argument  to a function as follows: We could also call the fun

Context managers  give you a way to allocate and release resources depending on your need s.  To define  context managers  we make use of the the expressio

Sometimes, for some reasons, we may want our code to run from the main program, not from imported code using the " import " syntax. Before runn

The " for " loop is used to iterate over the elements an " iterable " python  object, for example -<i>  string,  list, tuple</i> -. We have below

The " yield " instruction must "live" within a function. When a function that contains a " yield " statement is called, the

We create a class that inherits from the " Exception " class.  Our exception class is called " OurException " and it is raised when a v

The " @property " refers to a  python  decorator  - <i> a function that adds functionalities to another function without modifying its code </i> -. The  &qu

If a method has a  @classmethod  decorator, then it is a  class method . A  class method  has as its first argument " cls " which refers to the class

For our example, we define a class called " Member ": We subclass our class " Member " as below: Defining  __init__()  in our subclass wi

The  __setattr__() method is called in the background when we assign an attribute to a python  object. Below is our example, the " C ar " class: We s

To be able to access the attributes of a class while keeping these attributes safe from any unintended modification, we can to use properties . One way

Closures  are simply inner functions that could access variables from the enclosing function.  Closures  keep track of the enclosing function's varia

We have for example a class named " a " with no defined functions: The  dir()  function prints the methods and attributes -  inherited from the o

The  __str__()  function is called to give us the string representation of an object, it is called when we call the  print()  function on an object for ex

We use the  StopIteration  error in order to end an iteration as below: Sometimes we want to  instruct the  next()  method to return a value that would tell

Context managers  make it possible for us to manage our resources. When  python  enters a  context , it calls the  __enter__()  methods and it calls the  __exit